Dr. Refaat Hamed
Assistant Professor
- Area
- School of Chemistry & BiosciencesFaculty of Life Sciences
- Phone

Biography
I have always been fascinated by the way nature morphs simple building blocks to create more complex natural cures. This fascination shaped my career, which started by the isolation, structure elucidation and biological evaluation of various classes of phytochemicals, with the focus being iridoid glycosides (MSc studies). I then moved on to pursue my D.Phil. studies at University of Oxford, where I learned the modern aspects of (b-lactam antibiotics) biosynthesis, molecular biology and enzymology (structural and mechanistic). During my D.Phil. and postdoctoral studies time, I have developed myself into a rational-design protein engineer. Challenging chemical transformations and forcing enzymes, via engineering, to catalyse these reactions, with exquisite regio- and stereoselectivity, for biocatalytic purposes, is one of the main themes of my research. Extending my research from engineering enzymes to redesign of biosynthetic pathways to produce unnatural products of pharmaceutical interest is another objective for my research. As a teacher, I do strive to be well-informed, interactive and inspiring. One of my primary goals of teaching is to prepare both undergraduate and graduate students for a successful career.
Research
Natural products discovery, Biosynthesis of natural products, Biocatalysis, Enzymology, Protein Engineering and Synthetic Biology
Research projects
Maximising Metabolic Efficiency for Cellular Alkyl Methacrylate Production
- Date
- to
http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/19D7A33F-E0B6-432C-B924-70F8EA55B953
Teaching
Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry
Professional activities
Awards (1)
- Assiut University Encouragement Award (1 January 2017)
Education (3)
- University of Oxford - DPhil Organic Chemistry
- Assiut University - BSc in Pharmaceutical Sciences (with highest honors)
- Assiut University - MSc in Natural Products Chemistry
Employment (8)
- University of Bradford - Lecturer of Chemical Biology (27 February 2018)
- Assiut University, Egypt - Associate Professor (On leave) (1 July 2016)
- University of St Andrews - Research Fellow (16 January 2016)
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign - Research Fellow (30 May 2013)
- Assiut University, Egypt - Assistant Professor (1 June 2011)
- University of Oxford - Research Fellow (10 March 2010)
- Assiut University, Egypt - Assistant lecturer (1 April 2004)
- Assiut University, Egypt - Demonstrator (1 December 1999)
Professional associations (4)
- British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Member of British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1 April 2019)
- American Chemical Society, Member of American Chemical Society (1 December 2018)
- Biochemical Society, Member of Biochemical Society (26 October 2018)
- Royal Society of Chemistry, Member of Royal Society of Chemistry (28 January 2011)
Publications
Peer reviewed journal (24)
Biocatalytic production of bicyclic β-lactams with three contiguous chiral centres using engineered crotonases
Hamed, Refaat B.; Gomez-Castellanos, J.R.; Warhaut, H.L.; Claridge, T.D.W.; Schofield, C.J. (2019) Communications Chemistry. 2
Studies on the selectivity of proline hydroxylases reveal new substrates including bicycles
Tristan J. Smart, Refaat B. Hamed, Timothy D.W. Claridge, Christopher J. Schofield (2019) Bioorganic Chemistry. 94
A natural solution to photoprotection and isolation of the potent polyene antibiotic, marinomycin A
Christopher S. Bailey, Joseph S. Zarins-Tutt, Matthias Agbo, Hong Gao, Alberto Diego-Taboada, Maoluo Gan, Refaat B. Hamed, Emily R. Abraham, Grahame Mackenzie, P. Andrew Evans, Rebecca J. M. Goss; (2019) Chemical Science. 10
Stereoselective production of dimethyl-substituted carbapenams via engineered carbapenem biosynthesis enzymes
Hamed, Refaat B.; Henry, L.; Claridge, T.D.W.; Schofield, C. (2017) ACS Catalysis. 7
Living GenoChemetics by hyphenating synthetic biology and synthetic chemistry in vivo
Sharma, S.V.; Tong, X.; Pubill-Ulldemolins, C.; Cartmell, C.; Bogosyan, E.J.A.; Rackham, E.J.; Marelli, E.; Hamed, Refaat B.; Goss, R.J.M. (2017) Nature Communications. 8
Crotonases: Nature’s exceedingly convertible catalysts
Lohans, C.T.; Wang, D.Y.; Wang, J.; Hamed, Refaat B.; Schofield, C.J. (2017) ACS Catalysis. 7
Use of Methylmalonyl-CoA Epimerase in Enhancing Crotonase Stereoselectivity
Hamed, Refaat B.; Gomez-Castellanos, J.R.; Sean Froese, D.; Krysztofinska, E.; Yue, W.W.; Schofield, C.J. (2016) ChemBioChem. 17
The enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis
Hamed, R.B.;Gomez-Castellanos, J.R.;Henry, L.;Ducho, C.;McDonough, M.A.;Schofield, C.J.; (2013) Natural Product Reports.
Stereoselective preparation of lipidated carboxymethyl-proline/pipecolic acid derivatives via coupling of engineered crotonases with an alkylmalonyl-CoA synthetase
Hamed, R.B.;Henry, L.;Gomez-Castellanos, J.R.;Asghar, A.;Brem, J.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Schofield, C.J.; (2013) Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry.
Self-hydroxylation of the splicing factor lysyl hydroxylase, JMJD6
Mantri, M.;Webby, C.J.;Loik, N.D.;Hamed, R.B.;Nielsen, M.L.;McDonough, M.A.;McCullagh, J.S.O.;Böttger, A.;Schofield, C.J.;Wolf, A.; (2012) MedChemComm.
Crotonase catalysis enables flexible production of functionalized prolines and carbapenams
Hamed, R.B.;Henry, L.;Gomez-Castellanos, J.R.;MecinoviÄ, J.;Ducho, C.;Sorensen, J.L.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Schofield, C.J.; (2012) Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Oxygenase-catalyzed ribosome hydroxylation occurs in prokaryotes and humans
Ge, W.;Wolf, A.;Feng, T.;Ho, C.-H.;Sekirnik, R.;Zayer, A.;Granatino, N.;Cockman, M.E.;Loenarz, C.;Loik, N.D.;Hardy, A.P.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Hamed, R.B.;Chowdhury, R.;Gong, L.;Robinson, C.V.;Trudgian, D.C.;Jiang, M.;MacKeen, M.M.;McCullagh, J.S.;Gordiyenko, Y.;Thalhammer, A.;Yamamoto, A.;Yang, M.;Liu-Yi, P.;Zhang, Z.;Schmidt-Zachmann, M.;Kessler, B.M.;Ratcliffe, P.J.;Preston, G.M.;Coleman, M.L.;Schofield, C.J.; (2012) Nature Chemical Biology.
Photoactivable peptides for identifying enzyme-substrate and protein-protein interactions
Rotili, D.;Altun, M.;Hamed, R.B.;Loenarz, C.;Thalhammer, A.;Hopkinson, R.J.;Tian, Y.-M.;Ratcliffe, P.J.;Mai, A.;Kessler, B.M.;Schofield, C.J.; (2011) Chemical Communications.
The 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenase JMJD6 Catalyses Oxidation of Lysine Residues to give 5S-Hydroxylysine Residues
Mantri, M.;Loik, N.D.;Hamed, R.B.;Claridge, T.D.W.;McCullagh, J.S.O.;Schofield, C.J.; (2011) ChemBioChem.
Factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) catalyses the post-translational hydroxylation of histidinyl residues within ankyrin repeat domains
Yang, M.;Chowdhury, R.;Ge, W.;Hamed, R.B.;McDonough, M.A.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Kessler, B.M.;Cockman, M.E.;Ratcliffe, P.J.;Schofield, C.J.; (2011) FEBS Journal.
Stereoselective C-C bond formation catalysed by engineered carboxymethylproline synthases
Hamed, R.B.;Gomez-Castellanos, J.R.;Thalhammer, A.;Harding, D.;Ducho, C.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Schofield, C.J.; (2011) Nature Chemistry.
Carboxymethylproline synthase catalysed syntheses of functionalised N-heterocycles
Hamed, R.B.;MecinoviÄ, J.;Ducho, C.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Schofield, C.J.; (2010) Chemical Communications.
Evidence for the slow reaction of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 with oxygen
Flashman, E.;Hoffart, L.M.;Hamed, R.B.;Bollinger Jr., J.M.;Krebs, C.;Schofield, C.J.; (2010) FEBS Journal.
Monitoring the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dependent histone demethylases by NMR spectroscopy: Direct observation of formaldehyde
Hopkinson, R.J.;Hamed, R.B.;Rose, N.R.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Schofield, C.J.; (2010) ChemBioChem.
Synthesis of regio- and stereoselectively deuterium-labelled derivatives of l-glutamate semialdehyde for studies on carbapenem biosynthesis
Ducho, C.;Hamed, R.B.;Batchelar, E.T.;Sorensen, J.L.;Odell, B.;Schofield, C.J.; (2009) Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry.
Iron-mediated cleavage of C-C bonds in vicinal tricarbonyl compounds in water
MecinoviÄ, J.;Hamed, R.B.;Schofield, C.J.; (2009) Angewandte Chemie - International Edition.
Evidence that thienamycin biosynthesis proceeds via C-5 epimerization: ThnE catalyzes the formation of (2S,5S)-trans-carboxymethylproline
Hamed, R.B.;Batchelar, E.T.;MecinoviÄ, J.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Schofield, C.J.; (2009) ChemBioChem.
Mechanisms and structures of crotonase superfamily enzymes - How nature controls enolate and oxyanion reactivity
Hamed, R.B.;Batchelar, E.T.;Clifton, I.J.;Schofield, C.J.; (2008) Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.
Thioester hydrolysis and C-C bond formation by carboxymethylproline synthase from the crotonase superfamily
Batchelar, E.T.;Hamed, R.B.;Ducho, C.;Claridge, T.D.W.;Edelmann, M.J.;Kessler, B.;Schofield, C.J.; (2008) Angewandte Chemie - International Edition.