The Irish in South America
A Bibliography
By Brian McGinn

Acknowledgements

So, alphabetically, I thank:

Art Agnew, Irish Ambassador to Argentina.

David Barnwell at the University of South Carolina, Coastal, in South Carolina;

Dr. Mario Dolan, President of the Irish-Argentine Society of New York;

Willie Ford at The Southern Cross in Buenos Aires;

Maria Teresa Julianello and her fellow educator Maria Silvana Vazquez of Buenos Aires;

Peadar Kirby, formerly of Latin America Press in Lima, Peru and presently of Dublin;

Patrick McKenna of Summerhill, Co. Meath;

Guillermo MacLoughlin of Buenos Aires;

Oliver Marshall at the Institute of Latin American Studies in London;

Dr. Munira Mutran of ABEI - the Brazilian Association for Irish Studies - at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil;

Peter O'Neill in Rio de Janeiro;

Dr. Eileen Sullivan of the Irish Educational Association in Gainesville, Florida;

Susan Wilkinson in Toronto, Canada.

And, finally, Patrick O'Sullivan, of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit, Bradford, England, for the original suggestion, and for lending both sources and ears.

The Irish in South America - Bibliography

Miguel Alexandre de Araujo Neto, "An Anglo-Irish Newspaper in Nineteenth Century Brazil: The Anglo-Brazilian Times, 1865-84" in ABEI Newsletter (Brazilian Association for Irish Studies, University of Sao Paulo), No. 8, August 1994, pp. 11-13. Irish-born William Scully (see below) as a journalist and promoter of immigration to Brazil. See also Lauth, Platt, and Marshall, English-Language Press, below.

Pablo E. Arguindeguy & Jose R. Bamio, Guillermo Brown: Iconografia (Buenos Aires: Instituto Browniano, 1996). Artistic representations, including daguerreotypes, lithographs and oil paintings, of the Mayo-born founder of Argentina's Navy (see de Courcy Ireland, Admiral, and Ratto, below). Catalogues Brown's uniforms and personal effects in museums; monuments, medals, coins and stamps honouring Brown.

David Barnwell, "19th Century Irish Emigration to Argentina", a 23-page lecture delivered at the Columbia University's Irish Studies Seminar, New York, April 15, 1988. Although unpublished, the paper has been widely distributed by Argentina's embassies and consulates. Thoughtful, well informed essay surveying the entire range of Irish contacts with Argentina and neighbouring territories from the 16th through 19th Centuries. Gaps in research, some of which have since been addressed by McKenna in "Irish migration" and Nineteenth Century, discussed here and in Barnwell, "Southern Cousins".

David Barnwell, "The Southern Cousins" in The Irish Literary Supplement, Spring 1989. Review of Eduardo Coghlan's Los Irlandeses en la Argentina, below.

Fernando L.B. Basto, Ex-Combatentes Irlandeses em Taperoa (Rio de Janeiro: Editorial Vozes, 1971). Two hundred of Cotter's recruits (see von Allendorfer, above) form a short-lived agricultural colony in Bahia. Survivors made their way to Argentina (see McGinn, "Irish in Brazil", Mulhall, English in South America, and Thomas Murray, below). Passenger lists of two ships in original expedition. See also R. Walsh, Notices, below.

Mario Belgrano, Repatriacion de los restos del general Juan O'Brien, Guerrero de la Independencia Sud Americana ((Buenos Aires: Guillermo Kraft Ltda., 1938). Documents collected and published by a Committee of Homage to coincide with the repatriation to Argentina of the remains of John Thomond O'Brien, a hero of the Independence struggle who died in Lisbon. Includes biographical sketch of O'Brien by Mario Belgrano. See also Figueroa, Vida; Michael Mulhall, English; and Vicuna Mackenna, El general, below.

John Brabazon, Andanzas de un Irlandes en el campo porteno, (1845-1864); traduccion del ingles de Eduardo A. Coghlan, con notas del autor y del traductor (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Culturales Argentinas, 1981). A Westmeath emigrant's travels in Argentina.

A.E.C. Bredin, A History of the Irish Soldier (Belfast: Century Books, 1987). Analyzes role of Irish regiments in British attacks on Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1806-1807 (see McKenna, "Irish migration" and Pyne, Invasions, below). Brief mention of "The Other Wild Geese"--Irish soldiers in South America's War of Independence.

Brian De Breffny, "Ambrose O'Higgins: An Enquiry into his Irish Origins" in The Irish Ancestor, Vol. II, No. 2 (1970), pp. 81-89. Was Spain's Viceroy to Peru, and the father of Bernardo O'Higgins, born in Sligo or Meath? See also Cayol, below.

Alyn Brodsky, Madame Lynch & Friend: The true account of an Irish adventuress and the dictator of Paraguay who destroyed that American nation (New York: Harper & Row, 1975). The 19th C fantasy life and fortune of Eliza Lynch from Cork shattered by Francisco Solano Lopez and a suicidal war. See Hoyt Williams and Young, below.

Guillermo Brown, Memorias del Almirante Brown (Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1957). Documents from Argentina's Naval Archives published by National Commission of Homage to Admiral William Brown on the centenary of his death. Includes account by Brown of his controversial privateering raids in the Pacific, 1815-1816, with his brother M. Mac Brown and Captain Hipolito Bouchard. See also Caillet-Bois, de Courcy Ireland's Admiral and "Admiral", and Micheline Walsh, below.

William Bulfin, Tales of the Pampas (Buenos Aires: Literature of Latin America, 1997). Short stories by an immigrant author born in Co. Offaly, capturing life on Argentina's grasslands and the transformation of the Irish in Argentina into Irish-Argentines. Bilingual edition, with introductions by Alejandro Patricio Clancy (Spanish) and Susan Wilkinson (English). Original edition published by Fisher & Unwin in London, 1900.

Philip Caraman, The Lost Paradise: an account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607-1768 (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1975). Role of Fr. Thomas Field from Limerick in founding the Jesuit missions in Paraguay. See Furlong Cardiff and MacErlean, below.

Ricardo R. Caillet-Bois, Nuestros Corsarios: Brown y Bouchard en el pacifico, 1815-1816 (Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas, 1930). Dispatched from Buenos Aires in 1815-1816 to raid Spain's ports and shipping on South America's Pacific Coast, William Brown bypassed Argentina on the way back and took his prize money to the British West Indies. Examines whether Brown acted as a privateer or pirate, and whether he intended, as some claimed, to desert. See also Brown, Memorias, above; de Courcy Ireland's Admiral and "Admiral", and Micheline Walsh, below.

Rafael Cayol, El Baron de Ballenary (Buenos Aires, 1989). Biography of Ambrose O'Higgins, Spain's Irish-born Viceroy in Peru, 1795-1801. See De Breffny, above.

Stephen Clissold, Bernardo O'Higgins and the Independence of Chile (London, 1968). Chile's founding father was the son of Ambrose O'Higgins (see De Breffny and Cayol, above), Spain's viceroy in Peru. See also Vicuna Mackenna, Vida de O'Higgins, below.

Eduardo A. Coghlan, El Aporte de los Irlandeses a la formacion de la nacion Argentina (Buenos Aires: Libreria Alberto Casares, 1982). Irish soldiers in the British Invasions of 1806-1807; passenger lists and newspaper records of Irish arriving between 1822 and 1880; and lists of 'Hiberno-Argentine' names in the 1855, 1869 and 1895 Censuses.

Eduardo A. Coghlan, Los Irlandeses en la Argentina: Su Actuacion y Descendencia (Buenos Aires: Libreria Alberto Casares, 1987). The late Irish-Argentine genealogist details the Irish origins and descendants of 3, 667 original emigrants to Argentina. See review by Barnwell, "The Southern Cousins", above.

Comision de repatriacion de los restos mortales del general O'Brien, Repatriacion de los restos del general Juan O'Brien, Guerrero de la Independencia Sud Americana ((Buenos Aires: Guillermo Kraft Ltda., 1938). See under Mario Belgrano, alternate author, above.

Dr. Aquiles Echeverri M., Sangre Irlandesa en Antioquia (Medellin, Colombia: Editorial Salesiana, 1972). Biography of Dr. Hugo Blair Brown, one of the many medical doctors of Irish birth who served with the 19th C independence armies of Simon Bolivar.

Pedro Pablo Figueroa, Vida del General Don Juan O'Brien, Heroe de la Independencia Sud Americana, Irlandes de nacimiento, chileno de adopcion (Santiago, Chile: Imprente Mejia, de A. Poblete Garin, 1904). Biography of John Thomond O'Brien, the Wicklow-born soldier who served through the Independence struggle in Argentina, Chile and Peru as ADC to Jose de San Martin. See also Belgrano, above, Michael Mulhall, English, and Vicuna Mackenna, El general, below.

Pedro Pablo Figueroa, Historia del popular escritor Don Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna, su vida, su caracter i sus obras. Cincuenta anos de la historia politica, literaria i social de Chile (Santiago, Chile: Impr. Barcelona, 1903). Biography of prolific Chilean historian Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna, author or more than one hundred books. Grandson of General Juan Mackenna (see Tellez Yanez and Vicuna Mackenna's Vida, below).

Guillermo Furlong, S.J., Misiones y sus pueblos de Guaranies, 1610-1813 (Buenos Aires, 1962). Famous Jesuit missions--known as Reductions—to the Guarani Indians of Paraguay. The Irish Jesuit Thomas Field (Furlong, next) was one of the founders.

Guillermo Furlong Cardiff, Tomas Fields, S.J., y su "Carta al preposito general, 1601" (Buenos Aires: Casa Pardo, 1971). Jesuit missionary from Limerick who, after a decade in Brazil, 1577-1587, helped establish the famous Jesuit missions to the Guarani Indians of Paraguay. See Furlong, above; Gwynn, Father Thomas, Kirby and MacErlean, below.

John S. Gaynor, The History of St. Patrick's College in Mercedes (Buenos Aires: The Southern Cross, 1958).

Joyce Goldberg, "Patrick Egan: Irish-American Minister to Chile, 1889-93" in Eire-Ireland, Vol. XIV, No. 3 (1979), pp. 83-95. Longford-born Irish nationalist becomes a vigorous defender of his adopted nation's interests as U.S. diplomat in Chile.

Andrew Graham-Yooll, The Forgotten Colony: A History of the English-Speaking Communities in Argentina (London: Hutchinson, 1981). Good coverage of Irish personalities and events from the detached perspective of an experienced, Argentine-born editor of the Anglo-American community's newspaper, the Buenos Aires Herald.

Aubrey Gwynn, "An Irish Settlement on the Amazon" in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin), Vol. XLI, Section C, No.1 (July 1932), pp. 1-54. This pioneering study of 17th C Irish tobacco planters must be supplemented with the more recent findings and interpretations of Joyce Lorimer, below. Evidence of Irish entrepreneurial drive and ability to prosper on tropical frontier exploiting indigenous labour force.

Aubrey Gwynn, "Documents Relating to the Irish in the West Indies" in Analecta Hibernica (Dublin), No. 4 (October 1932), pp. 139-286. Includes transcripts from Spanish and English archives relating to 17th C Irish proposals to settle on the Amazon.

Aubrey Gwynn, Father Thomas Field, S.J. (Dublin: The Irish Messenger, 1924). Pamphlet in the Sheaf Mission Series. Detailed account of pioneer Irish missionary in 16th--17th C Brazil and Paraguay. See Gwynn (next), Furlong, Kirby and MacErlean.

Aubrey Gwynn, "The First Irish Priests in the New World" in Studies, Vol. XXI, No. 82 (June 1932), pp. 213-228. Mentions work of Fr. Thomas Field or Fihilly in Brazil and Paraguay (see Gwynn, above). In author's opinion, Field was "the first Irishman to have said Mass in the New World." Also mentions early 17th C Irish settlements on Amazon.

Edmundo Harker Puyana, Bucaramanga y los Puyana (Bucaramanga, Colombia: Editorial Camara de Comercio de Bucaramanga, 1984). How Francis O'Farrell of Ireland became Francisco Puyana of Colombia, and founded the prominent family of Puyana.

Isabel H. de Harrington, Un criollo irlandes (Buenos Aires, 1976). Biography of Alfredo Harrington, Irish-Argentine polo player. Think of hurling on horseback to appreciate how descendants of Wexford and Westmeath immigrants came to dominate this popular sport. See Hayes and King, below, for Gaelic sports in Argentina.

Alfred J. Hasbrouck, Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America (New York: Columbia UP, 1928; reprint New York: Octagon Books, 1969). Ph.D. thesis. Pioneering English-language account includes field research on Irish with Simon Bolivar. Lists some Irish wives and children with expedition. Biographical sketches of enlisted soldiers complement Lambert's attention to officers and strategy in Voluntarios, below.

Sean S. Hayes, C.F.C., "Hurling in Argentina" in A Century of Service (Dublin: Cumann Luthchleas Gael, 1984), pp. 80-82. Widely played by 1887, with the Hurling Club of Buenos Aires founded in 1900, this quintessential Gaelic game initially served as a cohesive factor in Argentina's Irish community. Shortage of imported hurleys (Argentine ash was too brittle) during trade interruptions of WW II, and growing discord among dwindling numbers of players led to 'the death of hurling' in Argentina. See King, below.

Ricardo Hogg, Patricio Lynch, novela historica (Buenos Aires: J. Suarez, 1929). The grandson of Patricio, 18th C founder of Argentina's Lynch family. For family branches and history, see McGinn, "Lynch Family" and Saez-Germain, below.

Terry Hooker and Ron Poulter, The Armies of Bolivar and San Martin (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1991). Number 232 in Osprey's Men-at-Arms series, this booklet concentrates on arms, uniforms and order-of-battle. Portraits of Bernardo O'Higgins and Morgan O'Connell. Peter Campbell (see Robertson, below) described. No bibliography.

Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974). Covers Casement's term as Britain's Consul General in Rio de Janeiro, beginning in 1909. His 1910 report on abuse of rubber-tappers by a British-owned company in Peru followed his earlier exposure of rubber trade cruelties in the Belgian Congo.

John de Courcy Ireland, The Admiral from Mayo: A life of Almirante William Brown from Foxford (Dublin: Eamonn de Burca, 1995). Founder of Argentina's Navy. Previous accounts of Brown's youth in Ireland and North America shown to be unsupported. A balanced assessment of a complex character, despite acceptance of Brown's self-serving account of his Pacific voyage (see Brown, Memorias) over contradictory evidence, some of it previously published by the author (see de Courcy Ireland's "Admiral", next; Caillet-Bois, above; and Micheline Walsh, below). Includes brief biographical sketches of 87 seamen of Irish birth or origin serving in naval and mercantile fleets of Argentina and Uruguay. See also Arguindeguy & Bamio, above, and Ratto, below.

John de Courcy Ireland, "Admiral William Brown" in The Irish Sword, Vol. VI, No. 23 (Winter 1962), pp. 119-121. Letter from 1817 Wexford Herald presents an unflattering portrait of Brown's 1815-1816 voyage in the Pacific and his loyalty to the government of Argentina. See Brown and Caillet-Bois, above, and Micheline Walsh, below.

John de Courcy Ireland, Ireland and the Irish in Martime History (Co. Dublin: Glendale Press, 1986). Worldwide coverage includes Irish seamen serving Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Admiral Patricio Lynch of Chile profiled.

John de Courcy Ireland, "Irish Soldiers and Seamen in Latin America" in The Irish Sword, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1952-53), pp. 296-303.

John de Courcy Ireland, "Thomas Charles Wright: Soldier of Bolivar; Founder of the Ecuadorian Navy" in The Irish Sword, Vol. VI, No. 25 (Winter 1964), pp. 271-275.

Maria Theresa Julianello & Maria Silvana Vazquez, "The Story of Camilla O'Gorman" in Irish Roots, No. 3, 1996, pp. 18-19. Young woman from a prominent Irish-Argentine family executed by the Rosas regime in 1848 for eloping with Uladislao Gutierrez, a Catholic priest. Fr. Gutierrez was executed with Camila. See also Masefield, below.

Thomas Kelleher, Mission to the New World (Cork: Icon Communications, 1992). Commitment of the Diocese of Cork and Ross to Catholic ministry in Peru.

Benedict Keily, "Man from the Pampas" in The Capuchin Annual, 1948, pp. 428-436. Biographical sketch of William Bulfin, Co. Offaly-born author of Tales of the Pampas (1900, 1997; see Bulfin, above) and Rambles in Eirinn (1907). In Buenos Aires, Bulfin edited The Southern Cross (below) and played an important role in introducing hurling to Argentina (see Hayes and King, below). Bulfin's staunch nationalism was inherited by his Argentine-born children; his son Eamonn fought with Patrick Pearse in the Dublin GPO, 1916, while his daughter Catalina married Republican politician Sean MacBride.

Dermot Keogh, "Argentina and the Falklands (Malvinas) – the Irish Connection" in Alastair Hennessy and John Kings, eds., The Land that England Lost: Argentina and Britain, a Special Relationship (London: British Academic Press, 1992). The islands as entry points for emigrants before moving on to the mainland. Plus observations on social stratification in the Argentine-Irish community from 20th C Irish diplomatic dispatches.

Seamus J. King, "Hurling in Argentina" in King, The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad (Boherclough, Cashel, Co. Tipperary: Seamus J. King, 1998). Leading historian of hurling examines its rise and decline in Argentina. The game's golden age, during the 1920s and 1930s, captured in contemporary photographs. See Hayes, above.

Peadar Kirby, Ireland and Latin America (Dublin: Trocaire, Gill and Macmillan, 1992). In Part One, "An Irish Reading of the Latin American Story", author examines the region's failure to develop egalitarian and self-sufficient models of government in face of legacies of colonial conquest, economic dependency and elite-dominated political structures. Part Two, "Ireland and Latin America" surveys history of Irish contacts and settlements in South America and Caribbean from 16th through 19th Centuries, and chronicles Ireland's 20th C diplomatic and religious missions in Latin America.

Juan Carlos Korol and Hilda Sabato, Como fue la inmigracion Irlandesa en Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Plus Ultra, 1981). Demographic analysis of 19th C immigration.

Eric Lambert, "Arthur Sandes of Kerry" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XII, No. 47 (Winter 1975), pp. 139-46. An Irish-born general who settled in Ecuador after serving with distinction under Bolivar. See also McGinn, "St. Patrick's Day in Peru."

Eric Lambert, "General Francis Burdett O'Connor" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XIII, No. 51 (Winter 1977), pp. 128-33. Nephew of 1798 leader Arthur O'Connor's fights for Bolivar and settles in Bolivia. See also O'Connor and W.J. Williams, below.

Eric Lambert, "General O'Leary and South America" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XI. No. 43 (Winter 1973), pp. 57-74. Bolivar's ADC and biographer (O'Leary, below) from Cork who became a national hero in Venezuela. See also Perez Vila, below.

Eric Lambert, "Irish soldiers in South America, 1818-1830" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XVI, No. 62 (Summer 1984), pp. 22-35. More than 2,500 Irish volunteers joined the Independence struggle under Simon Bolivar. A revised version of article under same title that originally appeared in Studies, Vol. LVIII, No. 232 (Winter 1969), pp. 376-395.

Eric Lambert, Voluntarios Britanicos e Irlandeses en la Gesta Bolivariana. 3 Volumes. (Caracas: Edicion de la Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana, 1981; Caracas: Ministerio de Defensa, 1993). Definitive history of Bolivar's Irish soldiers, written in English by the late Dublin-based historian and translated into Spanish by Teodosio Leal for publication as this three-volume series in Caracas. Bibliography in Vol. I; footnotes in all Vols.

Eric T.D. Lambert, Carabobo, 1821 (Caracas: Fundacion John Boulton, 1974). Bilingual account of Irish and English participation in key battle for Venezuela's independence. Includes names and ranks of English and Irish participants, including casualties. (Eric T.D. Lambert is the same author as Eric Lambert, above).

Eric Lambert & F. Glenn Thompson, "Captain Morgan O'Connell of the Hussar Guards of the Irish Legion" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XIII, No. 53 (Winter 1979), pp. 281-282. Son of Ireland's 'Liberator' in the service of Simon Bolivar, South America's Liberator. The teenage captain saw no combat, but had his portrait painted in a hussar's uniform. See also McGinn, "Venezuela's Legacy" and O'Connell, below.

Roberto E. Landaburu, Irlandeses; Eduardo Casey, vida y obra (Venado Tuerto, Sta. Fe, Argentina: Fondo Editorial Mutual Venado Tuerto, 1995). Biography of Eduardo Casey, son of 19th C Irish immigrants who became the founding father of the present-day city of Venado Tuerto, in Argentina's Santa Fe Province. See MacLoughlin, "Casey", below.

Aloisius Carlos Lauth, A Colonia Principe Dom Pedro: um caso de politica imigratoria no Brasil Imperio (Brusque, Brazil: Museo Arquidiocesano Dom Joaquim, 1987). An unsuccessful 1868 attempt to settle Irish and English immigrants in Brazil's Santa Catarina State. See also Platt and Scully, below.

Joyce Lorimer, ed., English and Irish Settlements on the River Amazon, 1550-1646 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1989). Tobacco planters in league with the Dutch. Analysis of contemporary account by the Co. Clare planter Bernardo O'Brien significantly extends evidence available to Aubrey Gwynn in "Irish Settlement", above.

Oliver Marshall, European Immigration and Ethnicity in Latin America: A Bibliography (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1991). Good range of sources for Irish in Argentina; thin on Brazil (and Mexico). Keep in mind, as author does, that in South America Irish were often classified as British or English (see Mulhall, English, below).

Oliver Marshall, The English-Language Press in Latin America (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1996). Well-researched background on William Scully's Anglo-Brazilian Times in Rio de Janeiro; Mulhall brothers' The Standard of Buenos Aires; and The Southern Cross (see below) of Buenos Aires. Also chronicles the more ephemeral publications serving the Irish community in Argentina, such as The Western Telegraph (1870-1872); The Irish Argentine (Azcuenaga, 1888-89), to which William Bulfin contributed; Fianna (1910-1912); and The Hibernian-Argentine Review (1906-1927).

John Masefield, Rosas (New York: Macmillan & Co., 1918). An epic poem by the English poet laureate dealing with the 1848 execution of Camila O'Gorman (see Julianello and Vazquez, above) by Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas.

William McCann, Two Thousand Miles' Ride through the Argentine Provinces: Being an Account of the Country and the habits of the people, with a Historical retrospect of the Rio de la Plata, Monte Video and Corrientes. 2 Vols. (London: 1853; reprint New York: AMS Press, 1971). Late 1840s traveler in Argentine visits Irish and English landowners.

John MacErlean, S.J., "Irish Jesuits in Foreign Missions from 1574 to 1773" in The Irish Jesuit Directory (Dublin), 1930, pp. 127-138. Detailed listing of missionary priests and brothers in Brazil, Nuevo Reino (Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela), Paraguay and Peru.

Thomas D'Arcy McGee, A History of The Irish Settlers in North America. From the Earliest Period to the Census of 1850 (Boston: Office of the "American Celt", 1851). One of the earliest historians of Irish-America to include South America. The Irish officers under Bolivar and San Martin in South America's independence struggle.

Brian McGinn, "The Amazon Irish: in The Irish Echo (New York), March 11-17, 1992, p. 42. Journalistic account drawing on Gwynn, "Irish Settlement" and Lorimer, above.

Brian McGinn, "The Irish in Brazil" in Irish Roots (Cork), No. 22, 1997, pp. 25-26. Repeated failure of attempted Irish settlements, from 17th through 19th Centuries, contrasted with current blossoming of academic interest in Irish literature and music See Araujo Neto, Gwynn, "Irish Settlement" and Lauth, above; Platt and Scully, below.

Brian McGinn, "The Lynch Family of Argentina" in Irish Roots, No. 2, 1993, pp. 11-14. 'Che' Guevara's roots in a Galway mercantile family that came via Spain in the 18th C and established branches in Chile as well as Argentina. See Saez-Germain, below.

Brian McGinn, "The South American Irish", a four-part series in Irish Roots (Cork), Nos. 25-28, 1998. Historical survey focusing on 19th C Irish in countries other than Argentina. Obstacles facing historians and genealogists, including hispanicisation of Irish names and deliberate falsification of family histories, discussed. Irish immigrants in engineering, journalism, medicine surveyed. Irish as military ADCs and founders of Naval services.

Brian McGinn, "St. Patrick's Day in Peru" in Irish Roots, No. 1, 1995, pp. 26-27. Bolivar's Irish officers celebrate in the Peruvian mountains, 1824. Sandes (see Lambert, "Arthur Sandes") and General Sucre resolve dilemma of engagement to same woman.

Brian McGinn, "Venezuela's Irish Legacy" in Irish America Magazine (New York), November 1991, pp. 34-37. John Devereux's 'Irish Legion' under Simon Bolivar. A veteran of the 1798 Rebellion in Wexford, Devereux profited handsomely while many of the soldiers he dispatched to Venezuela suffered disease, privation and early death.

Patrick McKenna, "Irish migration to Argentina" in Patterns of Migration, ed. Patrick O'Sullivan, Vol. 1 of The Irish World Wide, History, Heritage, Identity (London: Leicester University Press, 1997). The best scholarly summary on this subject in English. How the forceful personality of Fr. Anthony Fahy, a Catholic chaplain from Galway, in league with Thomas Armstrong, a Protestant banker from Athlone, imposed an inward-looking and isolationist system of social control on the 19th C Irish community.

Patrick McKenna, Nineteenth Century Irish Emigration to, and Settlement in, Argentina (St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare: MA Geography Thesis, 1994). Examines an exclusively rural settlement model that initially depended on mutual assistance (via the medium of the Irish Catholic Church), rather than the rugged individualism (Protestant work ethic) characteristic of the U.S. and British-controlled colonies. The phenomenal early success of this model created in Argentina a distinctly Irish community that, until the 1950s, never urbanized or assimilated into the wider Argentine community. Also includes important insights into role of British army service in introducing Irish soldiers to Argentina, and immigrant recruitment strategies employed by early Irish arrivals.

Guillermo MacLoughlin, "Argentina: The Forgotten People" in Irish Roots (Cork), No. 4, 1993, pp. 6-7. Excellent overview by an Argentine-Irish genealogist and historian.

Guillermo MacLoughlin, "Casey and the One-Eyed Deer" in Irish Roots, No. 3, 1994, p. 20. First-generation Irish success exemplified by Eduardo Casey, the son of immigrant parents, who in 1880 purchased 1,700 square miles of land in Santa Fe Province and founded there the present-day city of Venado Tuerto, named after a one-eyed deer that alerted early settlers to attacks by local Indians. See Landaburu, above.

Guillermo MacLoughlin Breard, "Los Primeros Irlandeses Vinieron con Magellanes." The Southern Cross, August-September 1991, p. 6. Evidence of Irish crewmen, the first documented in South America, on Magellan's 1520 voyage of circumnavigation.

Guillermo MacLoughlin, "The forgotten people: the Irish in Argentina and other South American countries" in Celtic News (Buenos Aires), March, April, and May/June, 1998. Lecture delivered at "The Scattering: Ireland and the Irish Diaspora" Conference, UCC, September 1997. Shared religion eased social acceptance of many Irish into Argentine elite, while English language—a bonus in other destinations—remained a barrier for others. Halt of Irish immigration by 1880s transformed more isolated Hiberno-Argentine families into case studies of old-fashioned Irish cultural and linguistic traditions.

Guillermo MacLoughlin, "The Irish in South America" in Aspects of Irish Genealogy, eds. M.D. Evans & Eileen O'Duill (Dublin: Irish Genealogical Congress Committee, 1993), pp. 170-177. Lecture delivered at the 1st Irish Genealogical Congress in 1991.

Alicia Mulhall Duggan de Noailles, "A biographic sketch of a journalist: Edward T. Mulhall" in The Southern Cross: numero centenario (Buenos Aires: Editorial Irlandesa, 1975). Co-founder of The Standard (see Marshall, English Language Press, above).

Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, "Erin in South America" in The Irish Rosary, Vol. XII, No. 11, November 1908, pp. 810-819. Primarily about Argentina, "the most flourishing Irish Colony, perhaps, in the world." Fr. Fahy and fellow chaplains (see Ussher, below) exercised paternal care of the fortunes and faith of "great Hibernio-Argentine millionaires." Author's husband was the journalist and statistician Michael G. Mulhall.

Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, Between the Amazon and the Andes; or, Ten years of a lady's travels in the pampas, Gran Chaco, Paraguay and Matto Grosso, by Mrs. M.G. Mulhall (London: E. Stanford, 1881).

Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, Explorers in the New World before and after Columbus and the story of the Jesuit missions of Paraguay (London: Longmans, Green & co., 1909). South American history through the Wars of Independence, 1806-1830.

Michael G. Mulhall, The English in South America (Buenos Aires: The Standard, 1878; reprint New York: Arno Press, 1977). For English, read English-speaking! Strongest on Irish in Argentina, where author was personally acquainted with most figures prominent in late 19th C business, politics, science and military affairs. Surprisingly sloppy on details such as dates, since author was also a noted statistician (The Dictionary of Statistics, 1892). His wife was the author Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, above.

M.G. & E.T. Mulhall, Handbook of Brazil (Buenos Aires, Standard Printing-Office, 1877). Directory. See also Scully, below.

M.G. & E. T. Mulhall, Handbook of the River Plate, Comprising Buenos Ayres, The Upper Provinces, Banda Oriental, and Paraguay. 2 Vols. (Buenos Aires: Standard Printing-Office, 1869). Regional directory and promotional guide published by the Dublin-born brothers and editors of The Standard newspaper in Buenos Aires (1861-1959). Originally published, as The River Plate Handbook, in 1861 and 1863; numerous other editions, under the 1869 title, above, published through 1892.

John Murray, S.J., "The Irish and Others in Argentina" in Studies (Dublin) No. 38 (1949), p. 377-388. Perspectives of a 20th C Irish missionary. British community's insularity contrasted with the Irish ability to assimilate while retaining distinctive characteristics.

Thomas Murray, The Story of the Irish in Argentina (New York: P.J. Kenedy & Sons, 1919). Argentine-born historian presents the history of the Irish community from the perspective and in the language characteristic of early 20th C Irish Catholic nationalism. Criticism of Michael Mulhall (above) as a shoneen (West Briton) illustrates how political divisions in Ireland were reflected in Argentina's Irish community. Lists contributors to Irish charities within Argentina and to 1847 Famine relief fund for Ireland. Though badly dated, still essential as the only published English-language book on the subject.

Pat Nally, "Los Irlandeses en la Argentina" in Familia: Ulster Genealogical Review, Vol. 2, No. 8 (1992), pp. 69-77. Secretary of the Longford-Westmeath Argentina Society in Mullingar finds family connections and examines importance of midland counties of Westmeath, Longford, and Offaly as sending areas. Role of John Thomond O'Brien as catalyst, with intermarried Mooney and Bookey families initiating chain migration.

Kathleen Nevin, You'll Never Go Back (Boston: Bruce Humphries, 1946). Semi-fictionalized memoirs of an Irish female emigrant to 19th Argentina. The author's parents, Tom and Catherine Nevin, were close friends in Buenos Aires of William Bulfin (see Bulfin and Keily, above) and his wife Annie O'Rourke from Co. Westmeath.

Maurice R. O'Connell, ed., The Correspondence of Daniel O'Connell, Volume II, 1815-1823 (Dublin: Irish University Press, 1973). Letters to and from John Devereux, commander of Bolivar's Irish legion, and O'Connell's son Morgan with the Legion. See Hasbrouck, Lambert & Thompson, and McGinn's "Venezuela's Legacy", above.

Francisco Burdett O'Connor, Un Irlandes con Bolivar (Caracas: El Cid Editor, 1977). Most recent edition of the Cork-born general's memoirs, originally published under the title Recuerdos (Bolivia, 1895) and as Independencia Americana (Madrid, 1916). After War of Independence, O'Connor settled in Bolivia, where he served as Minister of War and founded the prominent Hiberno-Bolivian family of O'Connor D'Arlach. See also Lambert, "General O'Connor", above, and W.J. Williams, below.

Simon Bolivar O'Leary, ed., Memorias del General O'Leary publicados por su hijo Simon B. O'Leary, por orden del Gobierno de Venezuela, 32 Volumes (Caracas, 1879-1888). Two volumes of Daniel Florence O'Leary's memoirs, 29 volumes of letters and other documents collected by Bolivar's Irish ADC, and an appendix published in 1914.

Padraig O Maidin, "An Irish Mutiny in Brazil and a betrayal" in the Cork Examiner, 21 May, 1981. Succinct account of the Cotter expedition (see von Allendorfer, above) based on first-hand reports of Rev. Robert Walsh (see below) and contemporary Irish sources.

Manuel Perez Vila, Vida de Daniel Florencio O'Leary: Primer Edecan del Libertador (Caracas: Imprenta Nacional, 1957). Biography of Bolivar's right-hand Irishman (see Lambert's "General O'Leary", McGinn's "Venezuela's Legacy" and O'Leary, above). Reviewed in The Irish Sword, Vol. 3, No. 11 (Winter 1957), pp. 133-134.

Ulises Petit de Murat, Genio y Figura de Benito Lynch (Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, 1968). Novelist of Irish-descent (see McGinn, "Lynch Family", above, and Saez-Germain, below) best known as chronicler of life on the pampas in works such as Los caranchos de La Florida (Buenos Airies: Biblioteca de La Nacion, 1916), El ingles de los guesos (Madrid: Editorial Calpe, 1924), and El romance de un gaucho (Buenos Aires: Librerias Anaconda, 1933).

D.C.M. Platt, "British Agricultural Colonization in Latin America" in Inter-American Economic Affairs (Washington, D.C.), Vol. XVIII, No. 3 (Winter 1964), pp. 3-38. Evidence of Irish participation in mid- and late-19th C settlement attempts in Brazil. Good account of an 1889 immigration disaster in Argentina, in which the steamer Dresden dumped 1,800 passengers, mostly-Irish, on an unprepared Buenos Aires community.

Peter Pyne, "A Soldier under Two Flags. Lieutenant-Colonel James Florence Burke: Officer, Adventurer and Spy" in Etudes Irlandaises, Spring 1996. An Irish agent in the service of Britain, active in Buenos Aires before and after the 1806-07 British invasions.

Peter Pyne, The Invasions of Buenos Aires, 1806-1807: The Irish Dimension (University of Liverpool: Institute of Latin American Studies, Research Paper 20, 1996). Highlights importance of British Army service in exposing Irish soldiers, members of regiments later known as Connaught Rangers and Royal Irish Fusiliers, to the Pampas. Follows subsequent career of British Army deserter Peter Campbell (see Robertson, below) in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Good use of McKenna, Nineteenth Century, above.

David B. Quinn, Ireland & America: Their Early Associations, 1500-1640 (Liverpool UP, 1991). Early 16th C Irish trade contacts with Brazil, and 17th C Irish tobacco planters on the Amazon and in Guiana (see Lorimer and McGinn, "Amazon Irish", above).

Hector R. Ratto, Historia del Almirante Brown (Buenos Aires: Instituto de Publicaciones Navales, 1985). 3rd edition of biography by an Argentine Naval officer emphasising military aspects of William Brown's career. See de Courcy Ireland, Admiral.

Jan Read, The New Conquistadors (London: Evans Brothers Limited, 1980). Foreign officers in South America's Wars of Independence. Good on William Brown's naval career, but see de Courcy Ireland's Admiral, above, for accurate family background.

William B. Ready, "The Irish and South America" in Eire-Ireland, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1966), pp. 50-63. A novelist and librarian's grudging and grumpy assessment of the emigrant Irish as money-grubbing bourgeoisie who contributed little to South American life. Read as a balancing antidote to the more heartwarming school of 'contribution history.'

J.P. and W.P. Robertson, Letters on South America; comprising Travels on the Banks of the Parana and Rio de la Plata, 3 Vols (London: John Murray, 1843). Scottish merchants describe exploits of Don Peter 'Pedro' Campbell, Irish deserter from 1806-07 English Invasions (see Pyne, Invasions, above). Campbell, who then fought under Uruguay's hero of independence Jose Artigas, is considered the founding father of the Uruguayan Navy.

Horacio Rodriguez, King (Buenos Aires: Instituto Browniano, 1995). Pamphlet on the 19th C Argentine Naval hero Don Juan (John) King from Westport, Co. Mayo. Arrived too late for the War of Independence, but served with distinction under fellow Mayoman William Brown (see de Courcy Ireland, Admiral) against Brazil and Uruguay.

Alejandro Saez-Germain, "Siempre al frente. Los Lynch: casi mil anos de historia" in Noticias Magazine, Buenos Aires, 20 March 1994, pp. 44-51. Descended from an 18th C immigrant from Galway, the Lynch family has produced the Argentine pastoral novelist Benito Lynch (see Petit de Murat, above); the revolutionary hero of Cuba Ernesto 'Che' Guevara (see McGinn, "Lynch Family", above); and a naval hero of Chile's 1879-1881 war with Peru, Admiral Patricio Lynch (see de Courcy Ireland, Maritime History, above).

William Scully, Brazil; its provinces and chief cities (London: Murray & co., 1866; London: Trubner & co., 1868). First edition, Rio de Janeiro, 1865. Irish-born editor of the Anglo-Brazilian Times (see Araujo Neto and Marshall, English-Language Press, above) promoted Irish immigration to late19th C Brazil (see Lauth and Platt, above).

Bernard Share, "Tan gaucho como los Gauchos: The Irish in Argentina" in CARA (Aer Lingus), Vol. 16, No. 5 (September/October 1983), pp. 42-66. Colour photographs and interviews with descendants of Irish immigrants in Buenos Aires, Rojas, Monte, Cordoba and Mendoza show "an Irish community significantly different from those which developed elsewhere under the stimulus of 19th-century emigration." Irish accents and customs still survive, alongside fading knowledge of Irish ancestry, in distinctly South American settings where Irish assimilation parallels that of Anglo-Normans at home.

The Southern Cross. Irish community newspaper founded in 1875 by Fr. Patrick Joseph Dillon. Published continuously in Buenos Aires, as a weekly and currently a monthly, since then. Appeared in English until 1964, and since then primarily in Spanish, reflecting the increasing post-World War II linguistic assimilation of the Irish community. Issues from January 1875 through December 1995 available on microfilm (Latin American Microfilm Project, Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA). A special centenary edition, Numero del centenario, 1975, includes valuable historical articles on the origin and evolution of the Irish Argentine community.

Raul Tellez Yanez, El General Juan MacKenna (Santiago: Editorial Francisco de Aguirre, S.A., 1976). Bernardo O'Higgins' military strategist from Co. Tyrone. See Vicuna MacKenna, Vida, below.

James M. Ussher, "Irish immigrants in Argentina" in Irish Ecclesiastical Record (Dublin), 5th Ser., Vol. 70, pp. 385-392. James M. Ussher is the same author as Santiago M. Ussher, in the entries below.

Santiago M. Ussher, Father Fahy. A Biography of Anthony Dominic Fahy, O.P., Irish Missionary in Argentina, 1805-1871 (Buenos Aires, 1951). The Irish community’s famous chaplain.

Santiago M. Ussher, Los capellanes irlandeses en la collectividad hiberno-argentina durante el siglo XIX (Buenos Aires, 1954). Irish Catholic priests in 19th C Argentina.

Santiago M. Ussher, Las Hermanas de la Miseracordia (1856-1956). (Buenos Aires, 1955). The Sisters of Mercy, Irish catholic nuns in Argentina.

Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna, El general O'Brien (Santiago, Chile: Guillermo E. Miranda, 1902). Pamphet originally published shortly after the 1861 death of John Thomond O'Brien (see Belgrano and Figueroa, Vida, above) by a Chilean historian (see Vicuna Mackenna, next) who personally knew the Wicklow-born Independence hero.

Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna, Vida del General D. Juan Mackenna (Santiago: Imprenta del Ferrocarrill, 1856; Santiago: G.E. Miranda, 1902). One of Chile's best-known and prolific historians (see Figueroa, Historia, above) profiles the life of his grandfather, a Tyrone-born hero of the 19th C Wars of Independence. See also Tellez Yanez, above.

Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna, Vida de O'Higgins. La corona del heroe (Santiago, Chile: Universidad de Chile, 1936). First published in 1882, this edition is Vol. 5 of series Obras Completas de Vicuna Mackenna. Biography of Bernardo O'Higgins, hero of Chile's Independence struggle against Spain. See also Clissold, above.

Micheline Walsh, "Unpublished Admiral Brown Documents in Madrid" in The Irish Sword, Vol. III, No. 10 (Summer 1957), pp. 17-19. The late expert on the Irish in Spain presents citations and abstracts of references to William Brown found in Madrid's Naval Museum and National Library. Most relate to Brown's privateering activities in the service of Argentina and alleged excesses committed by Brown and other insurgent corsairs. See also Brown, Caillet-Bois and de Courcy Ireland, "Admiral", above.

Rev. R. Walsh, Notices of Brazil in 1828 and 1829. 2 Volumes (Boston: Richardson, Lord & Holbrook, 1831). A Waterford-born Anglican chaplain in Rio de Janeiro observes Col. William Cotter's catastrophic attempt to settle Irish families from Munster in Brazil.

Arden C. White, "Irish Immigration to Argentina: An Historical Focus" in The Irish at Home and Abroad (Salt Lake City, Utah) Vol. 4, No. 3 (3rd Quarter 1997), pp. 133-134. Regional origins of immigrants within Ireland and neglected area of migration to Argentina by Irish previously resident in the United States, Brazil, and Uruguay.

Arden C. White, "Researching the Irish in Argentina" in The Irish at Home and Abroad (Salt Lake City, Utah) Vol. 5, No. 1 (1st Quarter 1998), pp. 26-30. Professional genealogist explains how to find ancestors in Argentina. Addresses and bibliography.

John Hoyt Williams, The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800-1870 (Austin, Texas: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1979). Professional historian analyzes the tragic era of Francisco Solano Lopez and his Irish consort Madame Eliza Alicia Lynch.

W. J. Williams, "Bolivar and his Irish Legionaires" in Studies (Dublin), Vol. 18, December 1929, pp. 619-632. Critical review of Hasbrouck, above, and the loss of Irish lives resulting from intervention in South America against a 'friendly power' (Spain).

Henry Lyon Young, Eliza Lynch: Regent of Paraguay (London: Anthony Blond, 1966). See Brodsky and Hoyt Williams, above, for a more critical appraisal of Madame Lynch.

Copyright © 1999 Brian McGinn, all rights reserved. This bibliograpy may be used for non-profit educational purposes if proper credit is given to Brian McGinn and to the Irish Diaspora Studies website. For other permission, please contact P.OSullivan@bradford.ac.uk

Brian McGinn Alexandria, Virginia

16 April 1999